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Lebanese Currency
Lebanese Pound (LBP)
The Capital of Lebanon
Beirut
Time Zone in Lebanon
GMT+2
Important Facts About the Country of Lebanon
Introduction to Lebanon
Lebanon, officially referred to as the Republic of Lebanon, lies in Western Asia, at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland. Its rich cultural tapestry, shaped by a blend of religions, adds depth to its historical tapestry. Beirut, the capital and largest city, serves as a vibrant hub for tourism. Boasting a population surpassing five million, Lebanon holds the classification of an upper-middle-income country.
What to Know about Lebanon’s Geography
Lebanon shares its borders with Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, with Cyprus lying to its west across the Mediterranean Sea. Despite its small size, Lebanon ranks as the second-smallest country in continental Asia, covering an area of 10,452 square kilometers.
Climate in Lebanon
Lebanon experiences a moderate Mediterranean climate characterized by mild and wet winters along the coast, contrasted with hot and humid summers. In elevated areas, winter temperatures often drop below freezing, leading to heavy snow cover on the higher mountain peaks that can last until early summer.
The Culture of Lebanon
The cultural tapestry of Lebanon is a rich amalgamation of influences from diverse civilizations across millennia. Despite the ethnic, linguistic, religious, and denominational diversity, there is a shared Lebanese culture. Lebanese Arabic serves as the predominant language, and the nation’s cuisine, music, and literature are deeply rooted in Mediterranean and Arab Levantine traditions.
Religions Observed in Lebanon
Lebanon is renowned for its remarkable religious diversity, encompassing 18 officially recognized religious groups. These include four Muslim sects, twelve Christian denominations, one Druze community, and a representation of the Jewish faith. The population is estimated to be comprised of 33% Christians and 67% Muslims.
Languages Spoken in Lebanon
Arabic is the state’s official language, while French is also officially recognized. Lebanese Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic are spoken nationwide.
Lebanese Human Resources at a Glance
Employment Law Protections in Lebanon
The Labor Law of 1946 serves as the primary legislative framework governing employment practices in Lebanon. Key legal references include:
– Amendments and emerging decrees related to the original Labor Law of 1946
– National Social Security Funds Law
– Collective Agreements Law
– Laws pertaining to Occupational Emergencies and Injuries
– Legislation addressing Occupational Health, Safety, and Welfare
– Code of Obligations and Contracts
– Rules and regulations set forth by the International Labour Organization (ILO)
Additionally, employment regulations in Lebanon are influenced by decrees and guidelines issued by the Ministry of Labor, along with customary practices in the country.
The Kingdom of the Netherlands comprises four constituent countries: the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. These countries participate as equal partners within the Kingdom, although in reality, the Netherlands predominantly administers most of the Kingdom’s affairs. The Netherlands, as a constituent country, primarily occupies a significant land area in Europe, while its three special municipalities (Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius) are situated in the Caribbean alongside the other three constituent countries.
Employment Contracts in Lebanon
Employment contracts in Lebanon can be formalized in writing, although this is not obligatory. However, written agreements must be in Arabic, though translations into other languages are permissible if one party does not understand Arabic. Nonetheless, legally, Arabic remains the authoritative language.
For employers with 15 or more salaried staff members, internal regulations governing their operations are mandated. These internal rules must receive approval from the Minister of Labor and must align with the guidelines stipulated in the Labor Law.
While employment contracts may be either fixed-term or indefinite, unwritten agreements are presumed to be of an indefinite duration.
The Labor Law does not specify the minimum requirements for employment contracts. Consequently, in the absence of specific clauses, basic rights outlined in relevant legislation, such as maximum working hours and minimum leave entitlements, are presumed to apply, unless more favorable terms for the employee are stipulated.
Fixed Term Contacts for Lebanese Employees
Fixed-term contracts are established for a specified duration or to fulfill a specific task. These contracts are exempt from severance pay and termination notice obligations. However, if a fixed-term contract is renewed, either through a formal renewal agreement or continuous execution, and the employee’s actual tenure exceeds two years from the commencement of employment after renewal or extension, the contract transforms into an indefinite one. In such instances, the employee becomes entitled to the same severance pay as mandated for indefinite-term contracts.
Pre-Employment Checks
Pre-employment checks are not prohibited by law.
Lebanon's Guidelines Regarding Probation Period
In Lebanon, the probationary period for indefinite contracts spans three months. Within this period, either the employer or the employee can terminate the contract without notice. Additionally, an employee cannot undergo more than one probationary period with the same employer, nor can it be extended.
Throughout the probationary period, the employee is not entitled to any absences, including sick leave. However, if an employee opts for leave during this period, it will be considered unpaid.
Upon successful completion of the probationary period, it must be recognized as continuous service with the company.
Regulations and Rules Regarding Working Hours in Lebanon
The typical daily and weekly working hours stand at eight hours and 40 hours, respectively. However, the maximum permissible daily and weekly working hours, inclusive of overtime, are capped at 12 and 48 hours, respectively.
For shifts extending beyond six hours for men and five hours for women, the employer is obligated to provide a minimum one-hour break in the middle of the day. Additionally, employees are entitled to a weekly rest period of no less than 36 consecutive hours.
Lebanese Laws Regarding Overtime
Overtime compensation is set at 1.5 times the regular hourly wage.
Lebanon's Requirements Regarding Notice Periods
Written notice is mandatory for both employers and employees. Throughout the notice period, the employee is expected to fulfill their work duties and receive their regular pay, unless otherwise stated by the employer.
Either party has the option to compensate the other party at the employee’s usual wage rate for part or all of the notice period.
The length of the notice period varies based on the employee’s length of service:
- – Less than three years: One month
- – Three to six years: Two months
- – Six to 12 years: Three months
- – More than 12 years: Four months
Termination
Mutual termination of a written contract can occur without compensation or damages, provided both parties agree. However, if one party breaches the contract terms, the other party is entitled to claim compensation. If an employee is terminated without proper notice, compensation should be provided for the missed notice period.
The employer has the right to terminate the contract without indemnity or prior notice under specific circumstances:
1. If an employee fails to meet the employer’s expectations during the probationary period, which typically lasts three months.
2. If the employee engages in intentional acts or negligence that could harm the employer’s interests. In such cases, the employer must notify the Department of Social Affairs within three days after confirming the misconduct.
3. If an employee commits three severe violations of internal rules within a year, despite receiving written warnings. These warnings must be submitted to the Ministry of Labor within three days of issuance.
4. If an employee falsely declares their nationality.
5. If an employee is absent for more than 15 days in a year or seven consecutive days without a valid reason. Upon returning, the employee must inform the employer of the reasons for their absence within 24 hours. The employer must document these absences in writing and inform the employee accordingly.
If either party terminates the contract due to misconduct, the aggrieved party must file a compensation suit within one month of receiving the termination notice.
Restrictive Covenants
Restrictions post-termination are permissible provided they align with the following overarching principles:
1. The contractual limitations on activities are necessary to protect the genuine business interests of the company.
2. The constraints set by the agreement are reasonable concerning both the geographical area covered and the duration specified.
Severance Pay in Lebanon
In cases of unjust or unfair termination, employees are entitled to severance pay from their employer, usually ranging from two to twelve months’ salary.
The determination of the severance package should take into account the following criteria:
1. The nature of the position held
2. The employee’s age
3. The length of employment
4. The employee’s health and family situation
5. The degree of harm suffered
6. Any abuse of termination authority
Data Protection
Although the Labor Law does not contain specific provisions for protecting employee data, recent legislation such as the e-transactions and Personal Data Law regulates and supervises the collection and use of personal data.
Tax and Social Security Information for Employers in Lebanon
Personal Income Tax in Lebanon
An individual who spends 183 days or more within Lebanon in a calendar year is considered a resident and is subject to taxes on income earned within the country.
Employers are required to withhold taxes on behalf of their employees. Personal income tax rates are applied to annual taxable income at progressive rates as outlined below:
| Taxable Annual Income (LBP) | Tax Rate % |
|---|---|
| Up to 360,000,000 | 2% |
| 360,000,000 – 900,000,000 | 4% |
| 900,000,000– 1,800,000,000 | 7% |
| 1,800,000,000 – 3,600,000,000 | 11% |
| 3,600,000,000 – 7,200,000,000 | 15% |
| 7,200,000,000 – 13,500,000,000 | 20% |
| Over 13,500,000,000 | 25% |
Social Security in Lebanon
Both employers and employees in Lebanon contribute to The National Social Security Fund (NSSF) based on the employee’s monthly gross salary.
| Type | Employer Contribution (%) | Employee Contribution (%) |
|---|---|---|
| End of service allowance | 8.5% | 0% |
| Sickness and maternity | 8% | 3% |
| Family benefit | 6% | 0% |
| TOTAL | 22.5% | 3% |
- The rates provided are intended as a general indication. Actual rates may vary depending on specific circumstances or factors.
- The National Social Security Fund (NSSF) is currently facing challenges with its coverage and support not meeting 100% fulfillment. This is primarily due to currency devaluation and ongoing adjustments being made to address the fund’s status.
Important Information for Lebanese Employees
Salary Payment
Employees who receive an annual or monthly salary must be remunerated at least once per month.
Payslip
There is no statutory requirement for employers to provide employees with payslips. However, this practice is recommended.
Timesheets & Record Keeping
Employers overseeing a workforce of five or more individuals must uphold individual records for each employee. These records encompass essential details such as the employee’s name, job role, age, nationality, address, marital status, date of commencement of employment, wages (inclusive of any alterations), disciplinary actions, imposed penalties, occupational injuries or illnesses sustained, as well as the date and rationale behind employment termination. Additionally, the records must include a leave card delineating yearly leave, sick leave, and other forms of leave availed.
Annual Leave
Following one year of service, an employee earns the right to 15 working days of annual leave with full compensation. The scheduling of this annual break is at the discretion of the employer, tailored to the operational requirements of the business.
For employers with a staff exceeding 15 individuals, a distinct annual leave structure applies, structured as follows:
- 15 working days of annual leave (for tenures up to five years)
- 17 working days of annual leave (for tenures between five to 10 years)
- 19 working days of annual leave (for tenures between 10 to 15 years)
- 21 working days of annual leave (for tenures exceeding 15 years)
As per customary practice, employers often adopt the 15-employee annual leave entitlement norm, even if their staff count is lower.
Employees are safeguarded from termination during their annual leave period, except in cases where they are concurrently employed elsewhere.
Public Holidays
In Lebanon, public holidays are adaptable, typically totaling 15 throughout the year.
During public holidays, employees enjoy a paid day off. However, employers may request staff to work on these holidays when necessary. In such cases, the employer must compensate the employee with a day off on another day and remunerate them at their standard rate.
Sick Leave
The duration and compensation for sick leave in Lebanon vary depending on the employee’s length of service:
- – Three months to two years: Half a month at full pay + half a month at half pay
- – Two years to four years: One month at full pay + one month at half pay
- – Four years to six years: One and a half months at full pay + one and a half months at half pay
- – Six years to 10 years: Two months at full pay + two months at half pay
- – More than 10 years: Two and a half months at full pay + two and a half months at half pay
Sick leave is granted upon submission of a medical report. The employer reserves the right to have its own medical professional validate the information provided in the employee’s medical report.
If the sick leave exceeds one month within a single contractual year, the employer may reduce the annual leave entitlement to eight days for that specific contractual year only.
An employee cannot be terminated while on sick leave unless they are concurrently employed by another company during that period.
Maternity Leave
Female employees are entitled to a maternity leave lasting 10 weeks, which includes time before and after the expected delivery date, verified by a medical certificate. The pre-natal leave period should not exceed 20 days, while the post-natal leave period should not be less than 50 days.
Additionally, it is unlawful for an employer to terminate or give notice of termination to a pregnant employee or one currently on maternity leave.
Bereavement Leave
Employees are entitled to paid leave for a period of up to three days following the death of a first-level relative, which includes parents, spouse, children, grandchildren, siblings, grandparents, or grandchildren.
For the death of a second-level relative, such as uncles, aunts, nieces, nephews, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law, fathers-in-law, or mothers-in-law, employees are granted paid leave for up to two days.
In the case of the passing of a third-level relative, which includes first cousins, second cousins, or siblings of grandparents, employees are entitled to one day of paid leave.
Upon their return to work, employees must provide proof of the death, such as an obituary notice, to the Human Resources department.
Marriage Leave
Employees are eligible for a one-week paid leave for their wedding, which is provided as a one-time benefit during their employment with the company.
Benefits to the Employee in Lebanon
Lebanese Statutory Benefits
Employees in Lebanon are entitled to statutory benefits which include social security insurance covering sickness, maternity care, family allowance, end-of-service pensions, and work-related accidents and diseases. These benefits are managed through a private workmen compensation insurance policy.
Additionally, employees in Lebanon have rights to annual leave, sick leave, maternity leave, and other special leaves as specified by labor law.
Other Benefits
Beyond the fundamental legal provisions, employers typically offer additional benefits to employees in Lebanon. These may include private health and life insurance, food allowances, and allocations for family and education expenses. Education allowances are obligatory, with the current maximum limit set at 18,000,000 LBP for the 2022-2023 period (Note that updated rates for 2024 will be released sometime between February and April). Transportation allowances are also compulsory, currently fixed at 225,000 LBP for each working day. Moreover, employers may provide extra leave benefits such as paternity leave.
Rules Regarding Visas and Foreign Workers in Lebanon
Visas
To enter Lebanon, most visitors are required to obtain a Lebanon visa. Lebanese nationals and citizens of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries are exempt from visa requirements.
Citizens of Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates are permitted to stay in Lebanon visa-free for up to six months per year. Other nationalities may apply for visas upon arrival or at the nearest embassy.
Commonly issued visas include:
1. Lebanon Tourist Visa: Intended for individuals visiting Lebanon for tourism or leisure purposes.
2. Lebanon Transit Visa: Granted to those transiting through Lebanon en route to another destination.
3. Lebanon Residence Visas (long-term visas, such as work visas): Issued to individuals planning to reside temporarily or permanently in Lebanon for purposes such as employment, study, family reunion, or retirement.
4. Lebanon Business Visa: Provided to individuals traveling for business-related activities like attending meetings or conferences.
5. Lebanon Work Visa: This visa type functions as a residency permit for individuals seeking employment in Lebanon. To obtain this visa, an employer in Lebanon must apply for authorization on behalf of the employee at the Immigration Division of the Ministry of Labor. Initially, the Work Visa is valid for 90 days from the date of issuance, with the option to extend it for up to three months upon the employee’s arrival in Lebanon.
Work Permits
Any foreigner who has received prior authorization from the Ministry of Labor must apply for a work permit within ten days of arriving in Lebanon. Failure to arrive in Lebanon within three months of the approval date may result in the Ministry revoking the earlier approval.
The work permit can be issued and renewed for a maximum duration of two years from the initial issuance date. However, if the renewal application is not submitted at least one month before the permit’s expiration, it is considered invalid, and the foreigner becomes subject to the actions and fines outlined in the relevant laws and regulations.
Upon obtaining a valid work permit, the employee must apply for a work residency permit from the General Security.
| Occasion | Date | |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | New Year’s Day | January 1 |
| 2. | Armenian Christmas Day | January 6 |
| 3. | St Maroun’s Day | February 9 |
| 4. | Rafik Hariri Memorial Day | February 14 |
| 5. | Annunciation Day | March 25 |
| 6. | Good Friday | March 29 |
| 7. | Easter Sunday | March 31 |
| 8. | Eid al-Fitr | April 10 |
| 9. | Labor Day | May 1 |
| 10. | Orthodox Good Friday | May 3 |
| 11. | Orthodox Easter Sunday | May 5 |
| 12. | Martyrs’ Day | May 5 |
| 13. | Resistance and Liberation Day | May 12 |
| 14. | Eid al-Adha | June 16 |
| 15. | Islamic New Year | July 7 |
| 16. | Ashura | July 16 |
| 17. | Assumption Day | August 15 |
| 18. | Prophet Muhammad’s Birthday | September 15 |
| 19. | Independence Day | November 22 |
| 20. | Christmas Day | December 25 |
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